How is hydrocephalus typically diagnosed in children?

Hydrocephalus is typically diagnosed in children using imaging techniques, particularly ultrasound and/or MRI of the brain. These imaging studies are crucial because they allow for a detailed view of the brain's structure and can reveal the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the ventricles, which is characteristic of hydrocephalus. In infants, a cranial ultrasound is often the first imaging modality used, especially because it is quick, non-invasive, and does not involve radiation. In older children, MRI is preferred for its detailed visualization of brain anatomy and potential underlying causes.

While a neurological exam and patient history can contribute valuable information to the overall clinical picture, they are generally not definitive for diagnosing hydrocephalus. The neurological examination might reveal signs of increased intracranial pressure but cannot visualize the structural changes associated with the condition. Other options, like a CT scan of the abdomen or blood tests for electrolyte levels, do not directly evaluate the brain and its ventricular system. Thus, while these other tests may serve important roles in broader assessments, they are not utilized for the specific diagnosis of hydrocephalus.