What is the impact of fetal alcohol syndrome on cognitive development?

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a condition resulting from alcohol exposure during pregnancy, which can have significant and lasting effects on a child's physical, behavioral, and cognitive development. The permanent intellectual disability often observed in individuals with FAS arises from the teratogenic effects of alcohol on the developing brain.

Children with FAS are at a high risk of facing cognitive impairments that can affect various domains such as attention, memory, and problem-solving abilities. These challenges are typically persistent throughout their lives, which underscores the concept of permanent intellectual disability. The intellectual deficits associated with FAS can vary widely among affected individuals, but they often result in a range of cognitive challenges that may significantly impact educational performance and daily functioning.

The other options do not accurately reflect the consequences of FAS on cognitive development. While some children may experience temporary delays in cognitive function, these are not the norm for those with FAS, who generally face more severe and long-lasting impairments. Enhanced learning capabilities are not associated with FAS, as the condition typically leads to learning difficulties rather than enhancements. Similarly, while behavioral difficulties are common in individuals with FAS, these difficulties are often accompanied by cognitive impairments rather than resulting in normal cognitive function.